Carabid; Epigeic beetle; Functional diversity; Post-industrial habitat;Spoil heap;Successional rate; Technical reclamation

The main objective of reclamation activities is to accelerate the restoration of post-industrial areas. However current ecological studies that compare reclaimed and non-reclaimed habitats evaluate these areas mainly by species richness and conservation potential. We thus tested which environmental characteristics of the spoil heap determine the structure of the beetle communities and their successional rate. During the years 1993?2007, we sampled epigeic beetles on reclaimed and non-reclaimed parts of a spoil heap in the city of Ostrava, Czech Republic. For comparison, we used multivariate methods and functional diversity indices. Our ordination models revealed that the beetle communities on the non-reclaimed part of the spoil heap were determined by forest cover and time; in contrast, the communities on the reclaimed habitat were determined by herb cover and bare ground cover. Compositional heterogeneity was significantly higher on the non-reclaimed part of the spoil heap. A comparison of the functional diversity indices showed significantly higher functional richness and evenness on the spontaneously restored part of the spoil heap. Our results provide evidence that technical reclamation is a significant disturbance that slows down the successional rate of beetle communities and negatively influences their structure. We thus recommend that at least some parts of the areas needing to be reclaimed be allowed to undergo spontaneous succession during reclamation. The areas undergoing spontaneous succession would become refuges for particular species while also supporting the heterogeneity of the habitat.