toponomastics; cultural value of toponyms; transliteration of toponyms; transcription of toponyms; translation of toponyms

Toponimy - odna iz samych starykh chastej zhivogo kul'turnogo nasledija chelovechestva. Toponimicheskaja leksika otrazhajet s pomoshchju svojego soderzhanija i vneshnego oformlenija nacional'nuju samobytnost' naroda, jego istoriju i psikhicheskij uklad, kotoryj otrazhen v material'noj i dukhovnoj kul'ture. Chtoby sokhranit' takoj bogatejshij leksicheskij material dannogo jazyka, neobkhodimo jego nositeljam khranit' kul'turnuju i istoricheskuju cennost' geograficheskikh nazvanij. Toponimicheskije terminy pri processakh peredachi s odnogo jazyka na drugoj podvergajutsja mnogochislennym transformacijam i vkhodjat v slovarnyj sostav jazykov-recipijentov. V stat'je rassmotreny kak transliteracija i transkripcija geograficheskikh nazvanij, tak i sam perevod toponimov, v tom chisle i transplantacija, kal'kirovanije i eksplikacija.

Toponyms belong among the oldest living parts of human cultural heritage. Through its meaning and form, toponymic vocabulary reflects national identity of people, their history and mental processes which are mirrored in material and spiritual culture. To preserve the richest lexical material of a given language, it is necessary that the speakers protect the cultural and historical value of geographic names. While being transmitted from one language to another, toponymic terms are subject to numerous transformations and they enter the word stock of recipient languages. This article discusses transliteration and transcription of geographic names, as well as translation of toponyms, including transplantation, calques and explication.