a-synuclein,biomarkers, Parkinson&lsquos, disease, Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, pure autonomic failure

Neurodegenerative diseases represent a large and heterogeneous group of disorders. Their common feature is the deposition of a certain pathological protein in brain tissue. The location and distribution of abnormally constituted alpha-synuclein deposits in central and peripheral nervous system define each respective disorder. The location and distribution of a-synuclein deposits define each respective disorder. Synucleinopathies currently include Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia, Lewy body dementia, multiple system atrophy, pure autonomic failure, and idiopathic REM sleep disorder. The detection of a-synuclein alone in these diseases has the effect in differentiating them from other neurodegenerative diseases; however, its specificity in the differential dia gnosis of individual synucleinopathies is relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to look for other dia gnostic bio markers that would contribute to the early and accurate dia gnosis of individual diseases. At the same time, it is not just a matter of looking for new markers, but also of looking for more available bio logical samples or body fluids in which these bio markers can be eff ectively detected. In the introduction of this review there is a brief description of each disorder and subsequently there is a brief overview of mostly diagnostic laboratory biomarkers. We first present the cerebrospinal fl uid bio markers that refl ect the direct neuropathological changes, and then several bio markers found in peripheral tissues.