hydrophobicity, wettability, insect wings,nanostructures, Odonata, submerged oviposition

We measured spatial differences in wing wettability in Lestes sponsa, a damselfly species that can submerge during oviposition, and discussed the possible functional significance. Using dynamic contact angle (CA) measurements together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we investigated differences in wettability among distal, middle and proximal wing regions, and in surface nanostructures potentially responsible for observed differences. As we moved from distal towards more proximal parts, mean values of advancing and receding CAs gradually increased from 104° to 149°, and from 67° to 123°, respectively, indicating that wing tips were significantly less hydrophobic than more proximal parts. Moreover, values of CA hysteresis for the respective wing parts decreased from 38° to 26°, suggesting greater instability of the structure of the wing tips. Accordingly, compared with more proximal parts, SEM revealed higher damage of the wax nanostructures at the distal region. The observed wettability gradient is well explained by the submergence behaviour of L. sponsa during underwater oviposition. Our study thus proposed the existence of species-dependent hydrophobicity gradient on odonate wings caused by different ovipositional strategies.